The Three Stooges, American comedy team noted for violent anarchic slapstick and comedy routines rooted in the burlesque tradition. Six men were members of the team throughout the years:  Shemp Howard,  Moe Howard,  Larry Fine, Woodland Hills, California),  Curly Howard, Joe Besser.

Moe Howard was the first of the Three Stooges to enter show business. He attempted to launch a stage career during the 1910s, acting in everything from burlesque revues to Shakespearean plays, but found little success until 1922, when he formed a comedy act with his older brother, Shemp, and longtime friend Ted Healy. Larry Fine, a comedian-violinist who had performed in a vaudeville act with his wife, joined Healy and the Howards in 1925. They performed in vaudeville for the next few years and achieved success on Broadway in the late 1920s as stars of Earl Carroll’s Vanities. The act at this point was fronted by Healy, whose attempts at singing or joke telling were frequently interrupted by the absurd antics of the Stooges. The team appeared in one film, Soup to Nuts (1930); shortly thereafter, Shemp, who disliked the frequently intoxicated Healy, quit the act. He was replaced by another Howard brother, Jerry, who shaved his head to conform to the Stooges’ trademark of bizarre hairstyles (a “bowl” cut for Moe; wild, frizzy curls for Larry), and he was thereafter known to all as “Curly.”

The Stooges’ comic style was brash and brazen and was characterized by such cartoonishly violent acts as slapping, punching, eye-poking, and hair-pulling, all punctuated by exaggerated sound effects, and they often attacked one another with hammers, saws, and a variety of sharp and blunt objects. Derided by critics for many years for their lowbrow anarchy, their sheer longevity forced many critics to concede that the team exhibited expert comic timing and a mastery of burlesque-style humour. Moe was the bully of the act whose pugilistic tendencies required little provocation. Curly, the most popular member of the team with both audiences and critics, was the childlike patsy who was often on the receiving end of Moe’s abuse and who expressed himself through a variety of squeals, grunts, physical antics, and cries of “Woo-woo-woo!” Larry was the somewhat passive middleman who was usually given less to do but who proved a good foil for both Moe and Curly. The team made 97 short comedies during the “Curly years” (1934–46), with the period from 1938 to 1942 considered exceptionally strong.

Curly, a heavy drinker who suffered from hypertension, experienced serious health problems around 1945, and his performances in films made during the next two years are sluggish and bereft of the vitality and playfulness he displayed in earlier films. During the filming of Half-Wits’ Holiday (1947) in 1946, Curly was felled by a major stroke that rendered him incapacitated, and he was forced to retire. Shemp rejoined the act after a 15-year absence and remained with the Stooges through 78 films until his death from a heart attack in 1955. Although not as immediately endearing as Curly, Shemp (who was promoted as “the ugliest man in Hollywood”) was a highly skilled comic who excelled at ad-libbing and physical comedy. By the time Shemp rejoined the act, however, budgets for the films had been severely cut, and many of the films from the “Shemp era” are marred by blatantly low production values. After Shemp’s death, he was replaced in the act by Joe Besser, a rotund character comic with a prissy persona. He stayed with the team through the filming of their final Columbia short in 1958, after which he quit the act to care for his ailing wife.

Moe and Larry seriously considered retirement after Besser’s departure, but, within a year, the Stooges underwent a massive revival in popularity because of television showings of their old films. They added burlesque comic Joe DeRita (nicknamed “Curly Joe”) to the act and starred in several popular feature-length films from 1959 to 1965, the best among them being The Three Stooges Meet Hercules (1962) and Around the World in a Daze (1963). They began their last film, the low-budget comedy travelogue Kook’s Tour, in 1970. During its filming, Larry suffered a stroke; footage from the never-completed film was released years later on home video. Larry spent his last years promoting his autobiography, Stroke of Luck (1973). Moe, who toured the college lecture circuit and appeared on talk shows during the early ’70s, also wrote an autobiography, Moe Howard & the 3 Stooges, which was published posthumously in 1977.